The tide has turned in a brutal war of attrition. Kyiv’s impressive battlefield successes imposed major losses on Russia in terms of territory, manpower, and materiel. Morgan, Skills Shortages in the Chinese Labor Market: Executive Summary, October 2016.Russia’s war against Ukraine has peeled back the veneer and revealed the rot within Moscow’s military machine. Fudan University, Tsinghua University, and J.P.United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Institute for Statistics database, undated.Until College," New York Times, July 31, 2016a. Hernandez, "Study Finds Chinese Students Excel in Critical Thinking. RAND analysis of Web of Science: Derwent Innovation Index data (Clarivate, 2020).International Trade Center, website, undated United Nations, UN Comtrade Database, undated.Center for Advanced Defense Studies, Open Arms: Evaluating Global Exposure to China's Defense-Industrial Base, 2019.Schatz, World Mining Data 2020, Republic of Australia Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Regions and Tourism, 2020). RAND analysis of World Mining Data 2020 (Christian Reichl and M.Property Rights Alliance, International Property Rights Index 2020, 2020.Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, 2020.Department of State, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers 2019, 2019, Table IIe. International Institute for Strategic Studies, Military Balance+ (online database), 2021, "China ( PRC) and United States Defence Economics." Amounts are reported in current-year dollars using market exchange rates.Talent The RAND team found no systematic analysis of the flow of Chinese students and researchers back to China from foreign universities. A notable gap is an understanding of firms that provide software for command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems. Software The RAND team was unable to find data or analyses on the size and quality of the DIB software industry. Services There is a lack of information on companies that provide services to the People's Liberation Army, including ongoing support of major military systems, information systems, cyber services, and others.
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